Cindy Mutiara Septani is an undergraduate student in Brawijaya University, Indonesia. Anticipated graduation in 2015. She is Chemical engineering student. She had written 7 Papers. Mariatul Khiftiyah is an undergraduate student in Brawijaya University, Indonesia. Anticipated graduation in 2015. She is Chemical engineering student. She had written 5 papers. Siti Romlah N.B. is an undergraduate student in Brawijaya University, Indonesia. Anticipated graduation in 2015. She is Chemical engineering student. She had written 5 papers.

Carica papaya contains an enzyme known as papain. The papain enzyme is a proteolytic enzyme which present in all parts of the plant including the peel of papaya. Soybean cake is an Indonesian traditional food which is widely consumed and become popular in the other countries because of its nutrition and its benefit for the health. Therefore, the demand of soybean cake is high. Length of time will affect the production and income of soybean cake producers. This study was carried out to explore a solution for this problem by E-CAPASTE(Extract of Papaya Peels Waste) addition during making soybean cake. This research uses experimental methods and questionnaires. Experimental methods include making E-CAPASTE with 5 ratio variations: sample A(1:0,25); B(1:0,2); C(1:0,15 ; D(1:0,1) and E(1:0,05 ), making soybean cake, and test of nutrient content, while the method of questionnaire conducted in organoleptic tests. The experimental results in the form percentage data of fermentation acceleration of soybean cake with E-CAPASTE addition: sample A 26% , B 23% , C 19%, D 12% , and E 7% . it proved that E-CAPASTE can accelerate the fermentation process of soybean cake. The results of organoleptic test showed that sample C is the most popular in the consumer. In addition, the nutritional content of the test results is the addition of E-CAPASTE is not significantly affect the levels of protein, water, ash, fatty, crude fiber content and microbial contamination in soybean cake and make it widely feasible and applicable.

Alberto Alfano has completed his Ph.D in Biomedical technology applied to odontostomatological sciences, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy, at the age of 27 years. Actually he is a postdoctoral from Second University of Naples. He has published 3 papers in reputed journals.

The Lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 is widely used as a raw material for the construction of effective adjuvants, some of which are now at an advanced stage for human applications. It is a powerful immunostimulatory which acts as molecular signal of microbial invasion (PAMP - Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern) and it is able to activate vigorously innate and adaptive immunity (Roberts et al., 1996). The Lipid A, despite its great potential to stimulate the immune system, is not directly usable as an adjuvant in vaccines for humans for its high pyrogenicity and often lethal toxicity (Chung JY et al. 2001). It can be obtained from the processing of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an essential component of the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Its primary structure is composed of three chemically and genetically distinct domains: the Lipid A, the core and the O-chain. For this reason we focused on the development of a fermentation and downstream process to obtain Lipid A from an engineered Escherichia coli K4 that overproduces LPS. In particular, the purification of Lipid A is based on the use of proteolytic systems for the removal of protein contaminants, on the treatment with solvents, on membrane processes to remove other contaminants and hydrolysis for the recovery of the product.

Salvador Hernandez has completed his Ph.D at the age of 28 years from Instituto Tecnologico de Celaya, Mexico. He is Professor of Chemical Engineering in Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico. He has published more than 75 papers in reputed journals included in the Journal Citation Report (ISI web of science).

Nowadays biofuels are a possible source to satisfy the increasing energy requirements. Among them are the bioethanol and the biodiesel. According to Szulczyk et al. [1], worldwide bioethanol demand has grown rapidly due to government mandates such as the Energy Independence Security Act of 2007 and environmental regulations forbidding the use of methyl terbutyl ether (MTBE) as a fuel oxygenate. In addition, Balat et al. [2], mentioned that bioethanol production represented 4% of total gasoline consumed around the world in 2007, and worldwide production may exceed 125 billion liters by 2020, thereby enhancing renewable energy production-expected to supply 60% of the global energy demand in 2070 according to the World Committee of Energy Council [3]. In this context, and concerning the production of bioethanol via a fermentative process, a diluted mixture of bioethanol and water (less than 10% in volume) is produced, from which the bioethanol can be recovered to the desired purity [4-5]. In this work the dehydration of bioethanol via extractive batch distillation using several entrainers is studied. Simulation and experimental tests were carried out in order to test ethylene glycol, glycerol and ionic liquids to produce bioethanol with a composition higher than that of the azeotropic point. The simulation and experimental results indicate that it is possible to produce high purity bioethanol that can be used as a fuel oxygenate. Among the entrainers used in the experimental tests, the glycerol presented the best performance in terms of the purity in the distillate. Also, it is important to highlight that glycerol has a lower cost in comparison to ethylene glycol and ionic liquids and that is considered a by-product in the biodiesel production.

Thien NGUYEN got Engineer diploma in Chemistry from Ecole de Chimie Toulouse (France) in 1984. He got his PhD in Microbiology in 1987 from Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Toulouse. Then, he spent 2 postdoctoral positions respectively in: (i) 1987 at the Biochemistry Dept (School of Hygiene - John Hopkins University) and (ii) 1989 at the Biotechnology Dept (Royal Institute of Technology - Stockholm). In 1990, he started his courier at the Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre as head of Laboratoire de Génie Génétique. His research was focused on the development of recombinant subunit RSV vaccine (> 55 publications). Since 2003, he has been head of Biotechnologie at the Centre de Recherche et de Développement Pierre Fabre Toulouse where he started developing plant cell culture technology.

In traditional Chinese medicine, plant of the genus Tripterygium wilfordii has been widely used to the treat inflammatory and auto immune diseases for many centuries. Biochemical analysis has shown that T. wilfordii contained various compounds including diterpenoids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and glycosides. Triptolide (TRP), a diterpene triepoxide has been shown to possess main pharmacological activities. However, TRP is present in minor amount in the plant. As an alternative to classical methods of TRP extraction from T. wilfordii plant roots or leaves (low yield, high cost and not environment-friendly), we developed a biotechnology process in order to potentiate TRP production through natural biosynthesis and competitive cost. We designed a two step production process, including hormonal deprivation stage followed by a combined bioconversion and elicitation step. In these conditions, a remarkable high TRP concentration (over 50 mg of TRP/L) was recovered mainly from the medium supernatant. This emerging technology contributes to Pierre Fabre strategy in terms of sustainable development avoiding: long distance transportation of plant raw material and tedious extraction with high volume of organic solvents.

From the 90s on, ionic liquids have posed a new inspiration for Green Chemistry as their low vapour pressure may reduce the air pollution with respect to the typical volatile organic solvents. This paradigmatic feature has contributed to the fact that ionic liquids have casted the walls from the research laboratories and had soon covered the pathway from the gram scale to the ton magnitude. This statement is patent for the first family of ionic liquids (imidazolium) applied at industrial scale that was already registered under REACH regulation on chemicals (such as [C2mim] and [C4mim] cations combined with Cl, [C2SO4], [C1SO3], [O2CMe] and [NTf2] anions)[1]. This regulation indicates that their high chemical and thermal stability suggest potential problems related to their toxicity, degradation and persistence in both the aquatic and the soil environment. Taking into account this fact, their ‘green’ label is now being questioned by the scientific community. One solution to this problem could be placed in extreme microorganisms, which would play a role as “ionic liquids-metabolizers”. The observation that this kind of microbes can thrive under high ionic liquids concentrations would indicate the tremendous technological potential that might surge from the interaction between white biotechnology and green chemistry [2]. Thus, ionic liquids removal could be achieved by using the pathways designed by nature for the metabolism of living beings. Therefore, in this study we have investigated the ability of different microbial species from extreme locations to thrive in liquid medium in the presence of common families of ionic liquids such as examples containing imidazolium, pyridinium or phosphonium-based cations. The influence of different salts and carbon sources in the medium was assessed by means of comparing the significant bioprocess parameters such as specific growth rate and maximum biomass. The bioremediation efficiency was also modelled by fitting to relevant mathematical equations, and the kinetics of the bioremediation process was elucidated. In this case, these data made up the basis for process scale-up and simulation by means of the software SuperPro Designer®. This software is advantageous since it presents a great database of chemicals and units of operations specifically designed for this kind of biotechnological processes.

D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker´s yeasts) using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Mitochondria from disrupted cells were separated and enzymes released by Triton X-100. FPLC was performed on hydroxylapatite and in another separate experiment on AH-Sepharose with covalently bound 4-hydroxy-α cyanocinnamic acid (SHCA). Although purification on hydroxylapatite provided approachable samples with activities for only D-lactic acid, chromatography on SHCA seemed to be better because a purified fraction of enzyme with the specific activity of 3.38 nkat/mg was obtained. The usefulness of the combination of chromatography on hydroxylapatite and SHCA was another factor to be evaluated. We reached a fraction of D-lactic acid with specific activity of 5.71 nkat/mg and no cross reactivity for L-lactic acid.

Anatoly Nikolaevich Boyandin, a biotechnologist, graduated from the Biology Department (Sub-department of Biochemistry), Krasnoyarsk State University in 1998. He has completed his Ph.D. at the age of 24 years at the Institute of Biophysics (Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences). He has published about 25 papers. Now his main interests are biotechnological production and physicochemical properties of bacterial polyesters (polyhydroxyalkanoates).

The development and use of novel materials is one of the main tasks of industrial, biomedical, and environmentally safe technologies. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) – biodegradable biocompatible polyesters of microbial origin – are among the most promising materials, which can be used in various areas. The authors’ collection of highly productive strains and original technologies were used to synthesize a family of PHA heteropolymers composed of such monomer units as 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV), and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx). Properties of the polymers were investigated using NMR, DSC, chromatography-mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography, and X-ray structure analysis. The degree of crystallinity of two-component PHAs was lower than that of poly-3HB, and the effect of 3HHx and 4HB components was greater than the effect of 3HV. An additive effect of incorporation of 4HB, 3HV, and 3HHx was revealed for PHA terpolymers, which had exceptionally low degrees of crystallinity: for instance, poly-3HB/4HB/3HV was actually amorphous, with the crystalline phase varying from 9 to 22%, depending on monomer fractions. Higher fractions of 4HB, 3HV, and 3HHx caused a decrease in melting temperature and thermal decomposition temperature of the copolymers as compared with poly-3HB, while the thermoplasticity of the polymers was not affected. The PHA terpolymers had lower molecular weights than PHA bipolymers. Films prepared from all PHA terpolymers had much higher mechanical strength and elasticity than poly-3HB films. Thus, we have developed a fundamental approach to the production of PHAs with different composition, with tailored physical and mechanical properties.

This work describes potential opportunities for utilization of agro-industrial residues to produce green biodegradable plastics of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Wheat straws were examined with good efficacy of carbon substrates using Cupriavidus necator. Production was examined in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) in the presence and absence of WS hydrolysis enzymes, and in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with enzymes. Results showed that production of PHB in SSF was more efficient in terms of viable cell count, cell dry weight, and PHB production and yield compared to those of SHF and glucose-control cultures. While glucose control experiment produced 4.6 g/L PHB; SSF produced 10.0 g/L compared to 7.1 g/L in SHF when utilizing enzymes during WS hydrolysis. Results showed that most of sugars produced during the hydrolysis were consumed in SHF (~98 %) compared to 89.2 % in SSF. Results also demonstrated that a combination of glucose and xylose could compensate for the excess carbon required for enhancing PHB production by C. necator. However, higher concentration of sugars at the beginning of fermentation in SHF can lead to cell inhibition and consequently catabolite repressions. Accordingly, results demonstrated that the gradual release of sugars in SSF enhanced PHB production. Moreover, the presence of sugars other than glucose and xylose can eliminate PHB degradation in medium of low carbon substrate concentrations in SSF.

Hooi Ling received her B.Sc. (Microbial Technology and Bioprocessing) and M.Sc. (Fermentation Technology and Bioprocessing Engineering), focusing on development of medium formulation and culture conditions of a recombinant strain of Lactococcus lactis for avian vaccine production in bioreactor system from University Putra Malaysia in 2003. She received her PhD, supported by e-Science fund Malaysia from Monash University in 2012, focused on the functional study of a novel dual specific protein kinase. She has presented in local and international conferences, authored/co-authored conference proceedings and journals. She is lecturing in UCSI University, focusing in bioprocess engineering, contributing works on biomass production and recovery of industrially important enzymes of mesophilic microorganisms and their applications.

Xylanase is produced by several microorganisms mainly from bacterial species. The aim of this comparative study is to elucidate the effect of agricultural extracts as carbon source on xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis through submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SsF). In addition, this study also evaluated other enzymes production including amylase, cellulase, protease, and lipase. Based on the results, it was found that the highest xylanase activity of 11.968 ± 1.419 U/mL was achieved in the presence of wheat bran after 48 hours of SmF. Surprisingly, the production of xylanase increased 1.5 fold producing 18.875 ± 0.569 U/mL using pineapple peel, thus becoming the most efficient substrate for SsF. Besides that, pineapple peel also possessed the highest amylase production in both SmF and SsF, producing 7.854 ± 0.464 and 29.100 ± 1.566 U/mL, respectively. On top of that, the highest cellulase production was also obtained, producing 121.735 ± 6.020 and 1030.401 ± 6.354 U/mL using pineapple peel in SmF and SsF, respectively. On the other hand, sawdust produced 121.453 ± 11.016 U/mL of protease activity in SmF whereas pineapple peel possessed 502.266 ± 89.790 U/mL in SsF. Interestingly, pineapple peel showed the highest lipase activity, in which 2.662 ± 0.303 and 2.359 ± 8.5 x 10-4 U/mL were obtained in SmF and SsF, respectively. Overall, we concluded that SsF was considerately a potential fermentation method for the production of industrial enzymes especially xylanase. This research presents the overview study of xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis using cheap alternative agricultural extracts such as pineapple peel with future prospects of large scale production that could be used as an effective ecofriendly bio-bleaching agent in various industries especially paper and pulp.

A.Beas-Catena completed her degree in Chemical Engineering at the University of Almeria (Almeria, Spain) and at Wageningen University (Wageningen, The Netherlands), where she did her Master Thesis in the Subdepartment of Environmental Technology. Currently, she is a PhD student in the field of Biotechnology and Industrial Bioprocesses at the University of Almeria. As part of her research, she has published 3 papers in reputed journals.

Due to the lytic nature of the baculovirus replication cycle, occlusion body (OB) production has been mainly performed as batch processes. To achieve higher cell densities at the time of the infection (TOI), a two-bioreactor system has been proposed: the first bioreactor will be used for cell proliferation; whereas the second will be used for baculovirus production. However, oxygen is an important nutrient and its lack can greatly affect both cell growth and baculovirus production. It is therefore of vital importance to find the optimal value of the dissolved oxygen (D.O.) needed for each cell line, both at growth and infection. In previous works, the Se301 cell line was adapted to grow in suspension and partially spent (20%), serum-free medium (ExCell 420, Sigma-Aldrich). In this work, this cell line was cultured in 0.5 L bioreactors (BiostatQ, Sartorius AG), where several % of D.O. (20-100%) were assessed. The highest cell densities (N) were reached with a 20% D.O. using an air-O2 gas current in the headspace. These same conditions were used in the infection of the Se301 cell line with the baculovirus SeMNPV, at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI=0.12) and TOI (0.56×106 cells mL-1). The OB production yielded 1.12×107 OBs mL-1, which was within the same range of yields obtained in shaken cultures in previous experiments.